Ingredient glossary

A weak organic acid, obtained through fermentation (vinegar) or synthesis, used as an acidity regulator and, in low concentrations, as a cleansing or toning agent.

Cosmetic benefits: Adjusts the pH of formulas, has a mild astringent and clarifying effect; traditionally used in hair rinses for shine.

Supplement benefits: Rarely used as such in supplements; apple cider vinegar appears as an auxiliary food ingredient in some formulas.

Special warnings: Undiluted, it is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used only in low, properly buffered concentrations.

A nonessential amino acid, a component of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in the skin’s stratum corneum.

Cosmetic benefits: Contributes to surface hydration and helps maintain skin flexibility, together with the other amino acids in NMF.

Supplement benefits: Plays a role in the synthesis of other amino acids and in cellular energy metabolism (urea cycle).

Special warnings: A well-tolerated ingredient; no special warnings at usual cosmetic concentrations.

A synthetic chelating agent (bisphosphonate) that binds metal ions (iron, calcium, copper) in the formula.

Cosmetic benefits: Stabilizes formulas by preventing discoloration, rancidity, and degradation of preservatives in the presence of trace metals from water.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Used in low concentrations (below 1%); considered safe as a technical additive, without prolonged contact with intact skin.

A natural acid derived from grains and legumes, with chelating and mild exfoliating properties.

Cosmetic benefits: Natural chelator and antioxidant; helps even skin tone by inhibiting tyrosinase.

Supplement benefits: In the diet, it may reduce iron and zinc absorption (antinutrient effect) if consumed in excess from unrefined grains.

Special warnings: May slightly increase sensitivity to light; sun protection is recommended with daily use.

A water-soluble vitamin from the B-complex, essential for cell division, DNA synthesis, and tissue regeneration.

Cosmetic benefits: Stimulates cell regeneration, improves skin firmness, provides protection against oxidative stress caused by UV radiation, and helps even skin tone.

Supplement benefits: Essential for red blood cell formation, anemia prevention, and supporting the healthy development of the fetal nervous system during pregnancy.

Special warnings: In food supplements, doses above 1.000 µg/day may mask the symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency.

A glycosaminoglycan naturally present in the extracellular matrix of the skin, connective tissues, and joints. The hydrolyzed form has a low molecular weight for deep penetration.

Cosmetic benefits: An exceptional humectant (holds up to 1.000 times its weight in water). Intensely hydrates, plumps fine lines, and restores the skin barrier.

Supplement benefits: Supports joint lubrication and helps maintain the skin’s hydration and elasticity from within.

Special warnings: Excellent tolerability. In cosmetic products used in very dry environments, it should be formulated with emollient ingredients to prevent water loss.

An alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) obtained through carbohydrate fermentation or synthesis. It is part of the skin’s natural moisturizing factor (NMF).

Cosmetic benefits: Gently exfoliates dead cells from the stratum corneum, stimulates cell renewal, increases natural hydration, and helps maintain an acidic or physiological pH (used in facial care and intimate hygiene products).

Supplement benefits: Occasionally used as an acidity regulator or preservative.

Special warnings: As an AHA, it may increase the skin’s photosensitivity. Using a cream with sun protection factor (SPF) is recommended.

The acid form of vitamin B5, a precursor of Coenzyme A, essential in cellular energy metabolism; it differs from Panthenol (the alcohol form used topically), already described separately in the glossary.

Cosmetic benefits: Rarely used directly topically (Panthenol is preferred for stability); it may appear as a secondary ingredient in combined formulas.

Supplement benefits: Supports energy metabolism and the synthesis of hormones and good cholesterol; deficiency is rare but may cause fatigue and tingling.

Special warnings: Well tolerated at usual supplement doses; no known special warnings.

A family of water-soluble organic acids derived from fruit, milk, or sugar cane.

Cosmetic benefits: Exfoliate the skin’s surface layer, fade dark spots, stimulate collagen production, smooth fine lines, and restore radiance to the complexion.

Supplement benefits: AHAs are not used as a group in supplements (individual acids such as citric acid serve as excipients).

Special warnings: Photosensitizing effect. Cosmetic products containing AHAs should be accompanied by the recommendation to use sun protection (SPF 30+) during the day. They may irritate sensitive skin.

Free fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, extracted from vegetable oils or animal fats, with a structural role in formulas.

Cosmetic benefits: Emollients and co-emulsifiers; they give creams and conditioners a rich, velvety texture and strengthen the skin’s lipid barrier.

Supplement benefits: Oleic acid (Omega-9) and palmitic acid appear as sources of fats in some lipid supplements.

Special warnings: Oleic acid has a moderate-to-high comedogenic index; it may worsen acne-prone skin.

Basic compounds used to adjust and increase the pH of formulas, especially essential in hair coloring products (they open the cuticle scales).

Cosmetic benefits: Neutralize acids in the formula and activate the oxidative process for hair coloring and perming.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: In high concentrations, they are caustic; they may cause scalp and eye irritation. Contact with the eyes requires immediate, thorough rinsing.

Volatile alcohols with a solvent effect, used to dissolve fragrance or other ingredients and to provide a lightweight, fast-drying texture.

Cosmetic benefits: Solvent, cooling agent, and fixative in hair sprays, tonics, and deodorants; enhances the penetration of other active ingredients.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: With frequent use or in high concentrations, it can dry out the skin and weaken the skin barrier. Avoid on very sensitive or damaged skin.

Solid or liquid fatty alcohols with a high molecular weight, completely different from ethyl alcohol—they do not dry out the skin, but leave it velvety soft.

Cosmetic benefits: Emollients, co-emulsifiers, and thickening agents for creams and hair conditioners; provide a silky feel (slip).

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; they may rarely be mildly comedogenic (especially lauryl alcohol) on acne-prone skin.

Natural or synthetic aromatic compounds, frequently found in essential oils and compound fragrances. A number of 26 of them (expanded to over 80 by EU Regulation 2023/1545) must be declared individually on the label when they exceed 0,01% in rinse-off products and 0,001% in leave-on products.

Cosmetic benefits: They contribute to the product’s pleasant scent; some (linalool, limonene) also have mild antimicrobial properties.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: They are the most common contact allergens in cosmetics. People with allergic contact dermatitis or very sensitive skin should check for their presence on the label, whether they come from a natural or synthetic “fragrance.”

Extracts or powders obtained from marine or freshwater algae, rich in minerals (iodine, magnesium, zinc), amino acids, polysaccharides, and antioxidants.

Cosmetic benefits: Remineralize, detoxify, deeply hydrate, and provide a firming and toning effect (anti-aging).

Supplement benefits: Support energy metabolism, stimulate immunity, and provide essential micronutrients.

Special warnings: They contain iodine in variable amounts. People with thyroid conditions (hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) should consult their doctor before taking algae supplements.

Extract obtained from the leaves of the Aloe barbadensis plant, rich in polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, and enzymes.

Cosmetic benefits: Exceptional soothing, anti-inflammatory, healing, and hydrating effect. Ideal after sun exposure, shaving, or irritation.

Supplement benefits: Supports digestive system health, reduces gastrointestinal inflammation, and supports immunity.

Special warnings: For food supplements, purified gel without aloin is used (a strong laxative substance from the peel). Contact allergies may occur rarely.

The basic structural units of proteins and components of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF).

Cosmetic benefits: Maintain the skin barrier, increase elasticity, repair the structure of damaged hair fibers, and support deep hydration.

Supplement benefits: Support muscle tissue repair, internal collagen and keratin synthesis, as well as immune function.

Special warnings: An extremely safe ingredient. Excessive doses in supplements may cause mild digestive discomfort.

Volatile alkaline compounds used in oxidative hair colors to open the hair cuticle and allow pigment to penetrate.

Cosmetic benefits: Facilitate lightening and permanent hair coloring; increase the efficiency of oxidizing agents.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Respiratory and skin irritants with a pungent odor; they can dry out and weaken the hair fiber and scalp. “Ammonia-free” formulas generally use ethanolamine as an alternative.

A rare medicinal mushroom, endemic to the mountains of Taiwan, that grows exclusively on the protected camphor tree species (Cinnamomum kanehirae). It is renowned for its unique chemical profile, extremely rich in specific triterpenoids (antcins), polysaccharides (beta-glucans), adenosine, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD). It is widely used both in nutritional supplements (significant hepatoprotection and immunomodulation) and in advanced cosmetics for its regenerating, depigmenting, and microcirculation-stimulating effects.

Cosmetic benefits: Reduction of pigment spots: inhibits the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme and blocks excessive melanin synthesis, helping fade age spots, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Vascular and microcirculation support (varicose veins, couperose): the bioactive compounds improve peripheral blood circulation, tone capillary vessel walls, and reduce venous stasis, making it ideal in formulas for varicose veins, venectasias (spider veins), or heavy legs. Antioxidant & anti-aging effect: neutralizes free radicals, protects collagen against oxidative stress, and helps maintain skin firmness. Anti-inflammatory and healing: soothes irritation, reduces redness, and accelerates repair of the skin barrier.

Supplement benefits: According to published clinical studies available in international databases, it has several beneficial effects that deserve further study (see, for example, the information available on official specialized websites: antrodia - Search Results - PubMed, antrodia - MeSH - NCBI, antrodia - Search Results - PMC).

Special warnings: For cosmetic use, a sensitivity test (patch test) on a small area of skin is recommended before use on larger areas. Keep away from light and excessive heat. For internal use, taking the supplement also has a wonderful detox effect, which varies depending on the body’s condition.

The universal solvent and the base of most cosmetic formulas; the first ingredient listed on the label usually indicates the largest proportion in the product.

Cosmetic benefits: Dissolves water-soluble ingredients and forms the aqueous phase of emulsions; a hydration support.

Supplement benefits: Universal component, used as a solvent and in liquid forms of supplements.

Special warnings: No warnings; cosmetic water is purified or demineralized, different from household drinking water.

Strong oxidizing agents, used to lighten the hair’s natural pigment (melanin) and to activate oxidative dyes.

Cosmetic benefits: Essential for hair lightening and permanent hair coloring; sulfites act as antioxidants or stabilizers in the formula.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Persulfates are the main cause of severe allergic reactions (including respiratory reactions) in hair salons; hydrogen peroxide in high concentrations can cause chemical burns of the scalp. A prior skin test is always recommended.

Obtained from the seeds or fruit of the Adansonia digitata tree, rich in essential fatty acids (Omega 3, 6, 9), vitamin C, and polyphenols.

Cosmetic benefits: The oil deeply nourishes dry skin, restores the lipid barrier, and tames dry or damaged hair.

Supplement benefits: The fruit powder is a powerful antioxidant and an excellent source of prebiotic fiber and vitamin C.

Special warnings: The oil may be mildly comedogenic for very oily or acne-prone skin.

A natural osmolyte derived from sugar beet, different from Cocamidopropyl Betaine (a surfactant); regulates cellular osmotic balance.

Cosmetic benefits: A moisturizing agent and osmotic protection agent, it helps the skin retain water under stress conditions (heat, wind, salinity).

Supplement benefits: Supports liver function and homocysteine metabolism; also used as a source of choline.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; not to be confused with the surfactant Cocamidopropyl Betaine, although the name is similar.

Fermentation filtrates obtained by cultivating beneficial bacteria/yeasts on a plant substrate (aloe vera, knotgrass, horsetail), similar to the principle of the bioferments already described in the glossary, but with a different composition of strains and plants.

Cosmetic benefits: The resulting postbiotics (peptides, organic acids, polysaccharides) have a soothing effect, help balance the skin or scalp microbiome, and strengthen the skin barrier.

Supplement benefits: Not used as such in supplements; the fermentation principle is used separately for oral probiotics.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; recommended for sensitive scalps or scalps prone to dandruff.

Bioactive ingredients obtained by fermenting plant raw materials (aloe vera, knotgrass, horsetail, matcha, carrot, beet, turmeric) with probiotic strains.

Cosmetic benefits: Balance the skin microbiome, strengthen the skin’s protective barrier, soothe inflammation, and provide superior antioxidant protection.

Supplement benefits: Support the health of the intestinal flora, digestion, and the body’s immunity.

Special warnings: Modern, very well-tolerated ingredients with outstanding effects.

A water-soluble vitamin from the B complex, a cofactor in the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids.

Cosmetic benefits: Strengthens the hair shaft from the root, restores shine, and helps maintain the health of the skin and scalp.

Supplement benefits: Recommended for fighting hair loss, strengthening brittle nails, and maintaining healthy skin.

Special warnings: In supplements, high doses (>5 mg/day) may interfere with medical laboratory tests (thyroid – TSH/FT4 and troponin). Stop supplementation 3-5 days before sample collection.

Extracts obtained from fish roe (salmon, trout, coregonus), rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids and trace elements.

Cosmetic benefits: Nourishing and regenerating effect, supports hair fiber elasticity and shine; frequently used in premium hair treatments.

Supplement benefits: Marine source of Omega-3, occasionally used in supplements for skin and hair.

Special warnings: May cause reactions in people with fish or seafood allergies.

Porous, heat-activated carbon with a large surface area for absorbing impurities and excess sebum.

Cosmetic benefits: Deeply cleanses pores, absorbs toxins and excess oil; common in masks and cleansing gels for oily skin.

Supplement benefits: Occasionally used internally to absorb toxins (under medical supervision, not as routine cosmetic use).

Special warnings: Too-frequent use may excessively dry the skin due to its strong absorbent effect; not recommended daily on dry skin.

Natural wax secreted by worker bees, used since ancient times as a structuring agent in cosmetics.

Cosmetic benefits: Forms a protective occlusive film, strengthens the texture of conditioners and lipsticks, and has emollient and mildly antimicrobial properties.

Supplement benefits: Rarely used as such; propolis and honey (related hive products) are more common in supplements.

Special warnings: May be slightly comedogenic in high concentrations; contraindicated for people with allergies to bee products.

Special lipids that make up over 50% of the intercellular cement of the stratum corneum.

Cosmetic benefits: Restore the skin’s protective barrier, prevent transepidermal water loss, reduce skin sensitivity and protect against environmental factors.

Supplement benefits: Oral plant ceramides (phytoceramides) help hydrate the skin from within.

Special warnings: Extremely safe ingredients, ideal even for atopic, sensitive or rosacea-affected skin.

Quaternary ammonium salts with a positive electrical charge, which attach to the hair fiber (negatively charged after washing).

Cosmetic benefits: Reduce frizz and static electricity, make combing easier, smooth the hair cuticle, and are key ingredients in hair conditioners.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Well tolerated on the scalp; avoid direct and prolonged contact with the eyes.

Traditional fruit from Ayurvedic medicine, one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C and polyphenols.

Cosmetic benefits: Powerful antioxidant, boosts skin radiance, tones the scalp and helps prevent premature graying or hair loss.

Supplement benefits: Protects cells against oxidative stress, supports immunity and overall vitality.

Special warnings: May have a mild blood glucose-lowering effect when taken orally as a supplement.

A natural alkaloid extracted from coffee beans, tea or guaraná.

Cosmetic benefits: Stimulates blood microcirculation, reduces puffiness and dark circles around the eyes, and has a draining effect in anti-cellulite products.

Supplement benefits: Stimulates the central nervous system, increases attention and alertness, and supports fat burning during physical effort.

Special warnings: In supplements, excessive intake (>400 mg/day) may cause nervousness, palpitations, insomnia, and increased blood pressure. Contraindicated for people with hypertension.

The main structural protein in the body (skin, joints, bones). The hydrolyzed form consists of short peptides with high absorption.

Cosmetic benefits: Creates a moisturizing protective film on the surface of the skin, softening and smoothing the skin’s texture.

Supplement benefits: Stimulates the body’s own collagen production, increases skin elasticity, reduces wrinkle depth, and supports joints.

Special warnings: Of animal origin (bovine, marine, porcine). Not suitable for vegans. Marine collagen may trigger allergies in people allergic to fish.

Synthetic or mineral pigments universally identified by their Colour Index International number, used to color cosmetic products or hair.

Cosmetic benefits: Provides color to the finished product (colored formulas) or to hair (hair colors); titanium oxide also acts as an opacifier or as mineral UV protection.

Supplement benefits: Some approved food colorants (identified similarly, with the E prefix) are used to color capsules or syrups.

Special warnings: Azo colorants (such as CI 26100) may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals; some colorants are restricted for eye contour products.

Plant proteins enzymatically broken down into short chains of amino acids (peptides), which penetrate damaged hair more easily.

Cosmetic benefits: Repairs and strengthens the structure of the hair fiber, provides volume and elasticity, and reduces breakage and static electricity.

Supplement benefits: Alternative sources of plant protein (especially soy protein) in some supplements for athletes.

Special warnings: Wheat-derived forms may contain traces of gluten - avoid in hair products used by people with a severe wheat allergy (not just celiac disease, which is not affected by topical application).

A blend of tropical fruit concentrates, used exclusively as a natural flavoring in liquid or gummy food supplement formulas.

Cosmetic benefits: Not used in cosmetic products.

Supplement benefits: Provides natural taste and aroma to supplements, with no significant nutritional role at the amounts used as flavoring.

Special warnings: May contain traces of natural fruit sugars; people with a specific allergy to one of the listed fruits should check the exact composition of the batch.

A family of broad-spectrum preservatives (antibacterial and antifungal), among the most widely used replacements for parabens in modern cosmetics.

Cosmetic benefits: Prevent microbial contamination of the product during use, extending the stability and safety of the formula.

Supplement benefits: Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate are also approved as food additives (E211, E202) for preserving liquid products.

Special warnings: Phenoxyethanol is limited to a maximum of 1% in the EU; it may be mildly irritating to very sensitive skin or the eye area at high concentrations.

Synthetic preservatives with strong efficacy, but with a high risk of skin sensitization, which is why they have been increasingly strictly regulated in the EU.

Cosmetic benefits: Provide effective antimicrobial protection at very low concentrations.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: The MCI/MI mixture has been banned in leave-on products (creams, lotions) since 2016; Methylisothiazolinone (MI) alone has been completely banned in leave-on products since 2017 and limited to 0,0015% in rinse-off products (shampoos, shower gels) since 2018. It is one of the most frequently clinically identified contact allergens - avoidance is recommended for sensitized skin.

Synthetic cosmetic polymers that form a flexible film on the hair fiber or on the skin.

Cosmetic benefits: Provide hold, volume, and humidity resistance in styling products; polyquaternium-type copolymers, in particular, condition and relax the hair fiber.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Well tolerated; repeated use of products with strong fixing polymers may create a feeling of “buildup” on the hair fiber, requiring periodic clarification.

Emulsifiers derived from glycerin or sorbitol and fatty acids, used to bind the water phase to the oil phase of a cosmetic formula.

Cosmetic benefits: Stabilize cream or lotion textures, provide a velvety feel, and prevent phase separation.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements; some similar esters (E471) are emulsifying food additives.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated, among the gentlest emulsifiers available; rarely cause irritation.

Nonionic surfactants, obtained by ethoxylating fatty alcohols, that help oil and water combine into a stable emulsion.

Cosmetic benefits: Emulsifiers and solubilizing agents, essential in creams, conditioners, and hair colors; allow uniform dispersion of pigments and oils.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: May contain traces of 1,4-dioxane (a manufacturing byproduct) if not properly purified; responsible manufacturers apply additional refining steps to minimize this risk.

Extract from the flowers of the arnica plant, rich in lactonic sesquiterpenes and flavonoids.

Cosmetic benefits: Powerful anti-inflammatory, decongestant, and soothing properties. Effective in reducing swelling, bruises, dark circles, and tired legs.

Supplement benefits: Rarely used orally (only in extremely diluted homeopathic remedies).

Special warnings: Do not apply to open wounds or damaged skin. May cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to the Asteraceae family (the same family as ragweed, calendula, and chamomile).

Extract obtained from bamboo stems or leaves, the richest natural source of organic silicon (silica).

Cosmetic benefits: Remineralizes, strengthens thinning hair fibers, mattifies oily skin, and supports collagen synthesis.

Supplement benefits: Supports the health of bones, joints, hair, and nails.

Special warnings: Very safe ingredient, with no major contraindications.

Plant extract rich in vitamin C, fruit acids (AHA), ellagitannins (natural polyphenolic compounds found in plants and fruits, known for their powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects), and antioxidants.

Cosmetic benefits: Gentle astringent, brightens dull skin, regulates sebum, and protects the skin against oxidative stress.

Supplement benefits: Provides antioxidants and polyphenols.

Special warnings: People with a known allergy to strawberries may develop allergic contact reactions.

Extract from the cucumber fruit, rich in water, vitamin C, silica, and enzymes with a soothing effect.

Cosmetic benefits: Soothing, decongestant, and mildly astringent effect; often used in eye-contour products and toners.

Supplement benefits: Provides hydration and vitamin C, used occasionally in functional juices or detox blends.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated, suitable even for sensitive or irritated skin.

Extract rich in anthocyanins, vitamin C, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids.

Cosmetic benefits: Protects capillaries (excellent for skin with couperose or rosacea), soothes irritation, and prevents photoaging.

Supplement benefits: Supports blood microcirculation, eye health, and immunity.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated.

Extract from the flowers of the yarrow plant, traditionally used for its soothing and healing properties.

Cosmetic benefits: Anti-inflammatory, soothing for irritated skin or skin prone to redness (couperose), helps balance sebum.

Supplement benefits: Traditionally used as a digestive tea, but it is not a standardized supplement ingredient.

Special warnings: May cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family (the same family as ragweed, calendula, chamomile).

Extract rich in oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol – extremely powerful phenolic antioxidants.

Cosmetic benefits: Protects skin cells against damage caused by UV radiation and pollution, has a purifying and antimicrobial effect.

Supplement benefits: Contributes to maintaining normal blood pressure and protects blood lipids from oxidative stress.

Special warnings: As a supplement, it may slightly lower blood pressure; people undergoing hypotensive treatment should use caution.

Extract from calendula flowers, known for centuries for its soothing and healing effect on the skin.

Cosmetic benefits: Anti-inflammatory and emollient, accelerates the recovery of irritated skin, frequently used in products for babies and sensitive skin.

Supplement benefits: Sometimes found in teas and infusions with a digestive or soothing role, but rarely as a standardized supplement ingredient.

Special warnings: May cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family (the same family as ragweed, calendula, chamomile).

Nutritive extract from the embryo of the wheat kernel, rich in vitamin E, plant ceramides, and proteins.

Cosmetic benefits: Nourishes and regenerates dry or mature skin, boosts skin elasticity, and repairs dry hair.

Supplement benefits: Concentrated natural source of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids.

Special warnings: Contains gluten, which is why people with celiac disease or severe wheat allergies should use caution.

Extract from ginseng root, rich in ginsenosides, compounds with antioxidant and microcirculation-stimulating properties.

Cosmetic benefits: Revitalizes, stimulates scalp microcirculation (supporting hair growth), and has an antioxidant effect on the skin.

Supplement benefits: Traditional adaptogen, used for energy, focus, and stress resilience.

Special warnings: When consumed internally, it may interact with anticoagulants or stimulants; caution is recommended for people with hypertension.

Extract from the leaves of the witch hazel shrub, rich in tannins, with recognized astringent and anti-inflammatory properties.

Cosmetic benefits: Tones, tightens pores, reduces inflammation, and is effective for oily or acne-prone skin.

Supplement benefits: Traditionally used internally for venous circulation, but it is not a standard cosmetic supplement ingredient.

Special warnings: May be slightly drying or astringent with frequent use on already dry skin.

Extract from the cones of the hop plant, rich in phytoestrogens (8-prenylnaringenin), flavonoids, and tannins.

Cosmetic benefits: Tones, provides firmness to the skin, stimulates hair growth, and balances an oily or dandruff-prone scalp.

Supplement benefits: Calming effect on the nervous system, helps induce sleep, and eases discomfort during menopause.

Special warnings: Due to their phytoestrogen content, oral supplements are contraindicated for women with a history of hormone-dependent cancers.

Fruit extract rich in vitamin C, organic acids, and enzymes (actinidin).

Cosmetic benefits: Brightens the complexion, provides a gentle refreshing effect, and protects against free radicals.

Supplement benefits: Provides antioxidants and digestive enzymes.

Special warnings: Actinidin may trigger reactions in people who are hypersensitive to kiwi.

Extract obtained from the culture of undifferentiated plant cells of a rare Swiss apple variety (Uttwiler Spätlauber), known for its storage longevity.

Cosmetic benefits: Protects skin cells from senescence, supports regeneration, and has an anti-aging antioxidant effect.

Supplement benefits: It is not used in plant stem-cell form in food supplements.

Special warnings: Premium ingredient, well tolerated; no known special warnings.

Peptides obtained from pea protein, used for their temporary lifting and strengthening effect.

Cosmetic benefits: Supports the firmness of the hair shaft and skin, providing a temporary filling effect for thin or damaged strands.

Supplement benefits: Plant-based protein source, popular in protein supplements for people with lactose or soy intolerance.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; lower allergy risk compared with soy or wheat proteins.

Extract or protein from rice grains, traditionally associated in Asian culture with shiny hair and radiant skin.

Cosmetic benefits: Brightens the complexion, gives the hair shaft a silky texture, and has a mild antioxidant effect (contains ferulic acid).

Supplement benefits: Rice starch and protein appear as excipients or hypoallergenic protein sources in some supplements.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; a common hypoallergenic alternative to wheat or soy proteins.

Extract rich in papain (a proteolytic enzyme), vitamins A and C.

Cosmetic benefits: Provides gentle enzymatic exfoliation (removes dead cells without physical scrubbing), cleanses pores, and smooths skin texture.

Supplement benefits: Papain helps digest proteins in food supplements.

Special warnings: Papain may cause mild irritation on hypersensitive skin or open lesions.

Fruit extract rich in vitamins (A, C, E), natural AHA acids, and minerals.

Cosmetic benefits: Hydrates, softens, and restores radiance to tired or dull skin.

Supplement benefits: Nutritional and antioxidant support.

Special warnings: Extremely gentle ingredient, with no specific contraindications.

Extract from an Australian plant traditionally used by Aboriginal people, with a high content of anti-inflammatory polyphenols.

Cosmetic benefits: Reduces skin sensitivity and redness, quickly soothes discomfort caused by irritating agents (including those in cleansing formulas).

Supplement benefits: It is not a standard food supplement ingredient.

Special warnings: Well tolerated; especially useful in formulas designed for reactive skin or post-waxing care.

Extract from fenugreek seeds, rich in saponins, proteins and mucilage.

Cosmetic benefits: Strengthens the hair shaft, supports hair density and has an emollient effect on the skin.

Supplement benefits: Traditionally used to support lactation and glycemic balance; one of the most studied supplements in phytotherapy.

Special warnings: When consumed internally, it may give sweat or urine the characteristic “maple syrup” odor; it may interact with diabetes medication.

Extract rich in ellagic acid, vitamin C and polyphenols.

Cosmetic benefits: Exceptional antioxidant, gentle astringent, regulates sebum production and soothes skin prone to redness.

Supplement benefits: Antioxidant and tonic properties.

Special warnings: Very good skin tolerance.

Synthetic aromatic compounds, used as base notes (musky, woody) to prolong the longevity of a product’s fragrance.

Cosmetic benefits: Provides a warm, persistent base olfactory note in the fragrance composition of the finished product.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: They are part of the “Fragrance” category on the label; in highly sensitive individuals, they may contribute to skin reactions, although their allergen risk is considered lower than that of individually regulated fragrance allergens.

Triol alcohol of plant or synthetic origin, one of the most effective and most studied humectants in cosmetics.

Cosmetic benefits: Attracts and retains water in the stratum corneum, softens the skin, supports the skin barrier function and has a soothing effect.

Supplement benefits: Occasionally used as an excipient or humectant in liquid or gel supplement forms.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; in very dry climates, at high concentrations it may draw moisture from the skin to the surface if not formulated correctly (reverse effect).

A family of small glycols, used as humectants, solvents for active ingredients and boosters of preservative efficacy.

Cosmetic benefits: Hydrate, help active ingredients dissolve evenly and increase their penetration into the skin; some (Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin) also have a mild antimicrobial effect.

Supplement benefits: Generally not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Propylene Glycol may rarely cause irritation in people with very sensitive skin or pre-existing contact dermatitis.

Calcium salt of gluconic acid, an easily assimilable form of calcium, used both cosmetically and as a mineral supplement.

Cosmetic benefits: Firming or soothing agent, sometimes used after treatments with exfoliating acids to neutralize excess acidity.

Supplement benefits: Source of bioavailable calcium for bone and muscle health.

Special warnings: At high supplement doses, it may interact with certain heart medications; following the recommended dose is advised.

Cationic (positively charged) derivative of silk amino acids, obtained through chemical modification to adhere better to the hair shaft.

Cosmetic benefits: Conditions, reduces static electricity, and adds shine by depositing on the surface of damaged hair shafts.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Well tolerated; may rarely cause reactions in people with a known allergy to natural silk proteins.

Natural polysaccharides, extracted either from tara or guar seeds or obtained through bacterial fermentation (xanthan gum), used to give cosmetic formulas a gel-like consistency.

Cosmetic benefits: Thickens and stabilizes textures, provides a pleasant feel during application; quaternized forms (guar hydroxypropyltrimonium) provide additional conditioning for the hair shaft.

Supplement benefits: Xanthan gum is also used as a food additive (E415) for texture in gluten-free products.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; occasionally may cause reactions in people with allergies to legumes (guar, tara).

Sweet compounds extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, with sweetening power up to 300 times greater than sugar, with no calories.

Cosmetic benefits: Not used in cosmetic products.

Supplement benefits: Natural sweetener, with no significant glycemic impact, used as an alternative to sugar in syrups and functional powders.

Special warnings: May leave a slight bitter aftertaste at high concentrations; considered safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) at typical consumption doses.

A natural prebiotic fiber, usually extracted from chicory root, that feeds beneficial bacteria in the gut.

Cosmetic benefits: Occasionally used as a texture agent or a light film-forming moisturizer.

Supplement benefits: A recognized prebiotic, supports the balance of the gut microbiota and works synergistically with probiotics. Note: microbiota refers to all microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) in a specific environment, while the microbiome includes both these living organisms (the microbiota) and their genetic material (the total genome), as well as their surrounding environment and interactions.

Special warnings: In people with irritable bowel syndrome, high doses may cause bloating or digestive discomfort.

A fine white mineral clay with a gentler absorbing capacity than other clays (bentonite, rhassoul).

Cosmetic benefits: Absorbs excess sebum, mattifies, and gently cleanses pores; also suitable for sensitive or dry skin, unlike more strongly absorbent clays.

Supplement benefits: Not used in typical food supplements.

Special warnings: Well tolerated; may slightly dry the skin if used too frequently or left on the skin for too long.

The main structural protein that forms hair, nails, and the upper layer of the skin.

Cosmetic benefits: Fills damaged areas of the hair shaft, increases its strength, smooths the cuticle, and fortifies fragile nails.

Supplement benefits: Provides the sulfur-containing amino acids needed for internal keratin synthesis.

Special warnings: Of animal origin (extracted from sheep wool or feathers). Not suitable for vegan formulations.

A sulfur-containing amino acid, a direct precursor of glutathione (the most powerful endogenous antioxidant) and an essential component of keratin.

Cosmetic benefits: Protects against oxidative stress and supports cellular regeneration.

Supplement benefits: Stimulates the growth and strength of hair and nails, while also supporting liver detoxification.

Special warnings: In supplements, high doses may cause minor gastric discomfort. Administration with meals is recommended.

Natural phospholipid, usually extracted from soy or sunflower, a structural component of cell membranes.

Cosmetic benefits: Natural emulsifier and emollient, supports restoration of the skin’s lipid barrier; often used in clean beauty formulas.

Supplement benefits: Source of choline and phospholipids, supports cell membrane health and liver function.

Special warnings: May cause reactions in people with a soy allergy if derived from this source (check the origin on the label).

Mineral extract obtained from the semi-precious stone malachite, rich in bioavailable copper.

Cosmetic benefits: Skin detoxifier, powerful antioxidant (stimulates the superoxide dismutase enzyme), protects the skin from pollutants, and gives formulas a natural blue color.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements (dietary copper comes from soluble salts such as copper gluconate).

Special warnings: Intended exclusively for external cosmetic use.

Fibrous proteins obtained from the cocoons of silkworms (Bombyx mori).

Cosmetic benefits: Retain moisture, form a silky protective film on the skin and hair, providing smoothing and exceptional shine.

Supplement benefits: Rarely used orally.

Special warnings: Animal-derived or insect-derived ingredient (non-vegan).

The water-soluble form of vitamin B3, directly involved in cellular repair processes and NAD+/NADP+ synthesis.

Cosmetic benefits: Regulates sebum secretion, minimizes enlarged pores, fades dark spots, restores the protective barrier (stimulates ceramides), and reduces redness.

Supplement benefits: Supports energy metabolism and the health of the skin and nervous system.

Special warnings: In a very acidic environment, niacinamide can convert into nicotinic acid, causing temporary skin redness (flushing). Direct formulation with strong, unneutralized acids should be avoided.

Precursor of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), rapidly converted into the vitamin in the skin.

Cosmetic benefits: Deeply moisturizing, soothing, epithelizing (accelerates lesion healing), reduces redness, and gives hair elasticity.

Supplement benefits: Pantothenic acid supports hormone synthesis and energy metabolism.

Special warnings: One of the safest cosmetic ingredients. Excellently tolerated by babies’ skin and sensitive skin.

A new-generation synthetic antifungal and antimicrobial agent.

Cosmetic benefits: Treats dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp by combating the Malassezia fungus, reducing itching and flaking.

Supplement benefits: Prohibited in food supplements.

Special warnings: Strictly a cosmetic ingredient. In the EU, it is subject to regulations on the maximum permitted concentration (1,0% in rinse-off products, 0,5% in leave-on products).

Family of aromatic compounds (“bases” and “couplers”) that react with hydrogen peroxide inside the hair shaft to form the permanent pigment molecule. They belong to the same chemical class as paraphenylenediamine (PPD), the best-known allergen in hair colors.

Cosmetic benefits: Through oxidation, they form the permanent coloring pigments inside the hair shaft—responsible for the hair color’s resistance to washing.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: EU regulations require the mandatory warning “Contains phenylenediamines” on the packaging. They are the most common contact allergens associated with hair coloring; a skin test is always recommended 48 hours before application, and the product is prohibited for coloring eyelashes or eyebrows.

Selected bacterial strains, live or inactivated (postbiotics), used in food supplements to support intestinal flora.

Cosmetic benefits: They are not used topically as such; the principle of cosmetic bioferments (locally applied fermentation) is different and is described separately in the glossary.

Supplement benefits: They support the balance of the intestinal microbiota, digestion, immunity, and, through the gut-skin axis connection, may indirectly influence skin health.

Special warnings: People with severely compromised immunity should talk to their doctor before starting a course of live probiotics. Efficacy is specific to each strain (not all probiotics have the same effects).

Liquefied gases under pressure, used exclusively as propellant agents in spray or aerosol cosmetic products.

Cosmetic benefits: They allow the product to be sprayed finely and evenly (fixing sprays, deodorants, foams).

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Flammable - do not spray near an open flame or heat sources; avoid direct and prolonged inhalation.

A protein complex extracted from milk, rich in essential amino acids and bioactive peptides.

Cosmetic benefits: They nourish, deeply moisturize, soothe irritated skin, and restore the structure of fragile hair strands.

Supplement benefits: Whey proteins support muscle mass and tissue repair.

Special warnings: Contraindicated for people with an allergy to milk proteins (casein or lactalbumin).

A fat-soluble antioxidant naturally present in human cells, essential for cellular energy production (ATP).

Cosmetic benefits: Energizes skin cells, fights wrinkles, helps prevent photoaging, and protects against free radicals.

Supplement benefits: Supports cardiovascular system health, provides cellular energy, and slows aging processes.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated. As a food supplement, it may slightly interfere with anticoagulant treatments.

Common salt, used in cosmetics not as a flavoring agent, but as a technical agent for adjusting the viscosity of surfactant-based formulas.

Cosmetic benefits: Thickens shampoo and shower gels through interaction with surfactants, without adding extra formulation costs.

Supplement benefits: An essential electrolyte, used occasionally in rehydration or electrolyte supplements.

Special warnings: In high concentrations, it can dry out color-treated hair; no risks with topical application in the usual amounts found in formulas.

Mineral salts used as technical agents to stabilize viscosity and pH in hair coloring formulas.

Cosmetic benefits: Adjust the consistency of the hair color cream and contribute to the chemical stability of the oxidative mixture.

Supplement benefits: Magnesium (in other forms, such as citrate or bisglycinate) is an essential mineral frequently used in supplements for muscle relaxation and sleep.

Special warnings: No significant risks with topical application; magnesium supplement forms may have a laxative effect at high doses.

A lipid from the sphingoid family, a natural precursor of ceramides and a component of the intercellular “cement” in the stratum corneum.

Cosmetic benefits: Supports the restoration of the skin’s lipid barrier, together with ceramides and cholesterol, reducing transepidermal water loss.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; no known special warnings at the usual cosmetic concentrations.

Mineral salts used as stabilizing, anti-redeposition, and lightening-efficiency-boosting agents in hair care products.

Cosmetic benefits: They stabilize pH, prevent impurities from redepositing, and increase the efficiency of even lightening of the hair fiber.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Silicates can be slightly alkaline or irritating for sensitive scalps; thorough rinsing after use is recommended.

Cosmetic-grade silicon dioxide, used as a mattifying and texturizing agent in formulas.

Cosmetic benefits: Absorbs sebum, mattifies the complexion, and optically blurs pores and fine lines; an anti-caking agent in powders.

Supplement benefits: Organic silicon (different from cosmetic silica) is sometimes used for nail and hair health.

Special warnings: Well tolerated; forms of silica used in spray or powder products must be cosmetic-grade and non-crystalline to avoid the risk of long-term inhalation.

Synthetic silicon-based polymers, chemically inert, used for their slippery texture and instant smoothing effect.

Cosmetic benefits: They provide shine, smooth the hair cuticle, reduce frizz, and create an immediate velvety feel on the skin.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: They are not comedogenic in themselves, but excessive use may create a feeling of “buildup” on the hair or skin, requiring periodic clarification. Some volatile (cyclic) silicones are increasingly regulated due to environmental impact concerns.

A cationic emulsifier derived from stearic acid, frequently used as an alternative to classic quaternary ammonium salts.

Cosmetic benefits: Conditions the hair fiber, reduces static electricity, and makes combing easier, with a lighter feel than silicones.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Well tolerated on the scalp; may require neutralization with an acid (for example, citric acid) for optimal activation in the formula.

A chelating or stabilizing agent used specifically in hair developer creams to prevent premature decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Cosmetic benefits: Maintains the stability and efficiency of the lightening agent throughout the processing time on the hair.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Used exclusively in professional coloring products; avoid contact with eyes.

Foaming and cleansing agents with varying degrees of harshness: sulfates (SLS/SLES) are the strongest degreasers, while glucosides and betaines are considered gentler options.

Cosmetic benefits: Remove sebum, dirt, and styling residue; generate the dense foam associated with the feeling of being “clean.”

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Sulfates can dry out color-treated hair and irritate sensitive scalps with frequent use; products labeled “sulfate-free” generally use glucosides or betaines.

A benchmark synthetic chelating agent in the cosmetics industry, used for over 60 years to bind traces of heavy metals in the formulation water.

Cosmetic benefits: Prevents oxidation, discoloration, and premature degradation of the formula, while also increasing the effectiveness of preservatives.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements; the disodium form is sometimes used as a food additive (E385) for stabilization.

Special warnings: It is poorly biodegradable (persists in the environment); more and more brands are replacing it with biodegradable chelators such as Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate (see below).

A next-generation chelating agent, derived from glutamic acid, designed as a biodegradable alternative to EDTA.

Cosmetic benefits: Binds metal ions in the formulation water, preventing discoloration and product instability, similar to EDTA but with a better environmental profile.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated; no known special warnings.

Oil extracted from flax seeds, representing the richest plant source of alpha-linolenic acid (Omega-3).

Cosmetic benefits: Soothes atopic, dry, or irritated skin, restores the protective barrier, and nourishes damaged hair.

Supplement benefits: Reduces inflammation in the body, supports heart health, and supports intestinal transit.

Special warnings: Oxidizes very easily. Cosmetic products and supplements should be kept away from light and heat.

Precious cold-pressed oil from the kernels of the Argania spinosa tree, rich in unsaturated fatty acids (Omega-6, Omega-9) and vitamin E.

Cosmetic benefits: Intensively nourishes dry skin, increases elasticity, helps prevent wrinkles, and tames damaged or frizzy hair.

Supplement benefits: Dietary source of healthy fatty acids and antioxidants.

Special warnings: Non-comedogenic for most skin types.

Cold-pressed oil from hemp seeds, rich in essential Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in a balanced ratio; contains no THC.

Cosmetic benefits: High-quality emollient, soothes sensitive skin and regulates sebum production, suitable for both dry skin and combination or oily skin.

Supplement benefits: Balanced plant source of essential fatty acids, popular in supplements for skin and cardiovascular health.

Special warnings: Seed oil is completely different legally and chemically from extracts from the plant’s flowers (CBD); it has no psychoactive effects.

Oil extracted from black cumin seeds, rich in thymoquinone, fatty acids, and antioxidants.

Cosmetic benefits: Antibacterial, antifungal, and purifying properties. Excellent for acne-prone skin, psoriasis, eczema, and an irritated scalp.

Supplement benefits: Supports immunity, respiratory health, and digestion.

Special warnings: Intense, spicy scent. In oral supplementation, high doses may be irritating to the stomach.

Oil obtained from coconut, rich in lauric acid and saturated fatty acids.

Cosmetic benefits: Nourishing emollient for body and hair (penetrates deep into the hair fiber), also with a mild antimicrobial effect.

Supplement benefits: Source of medium-chain fatty acids (MCTs) for quick energy.

Special warnings: High comedogenic rating (4-5). Not recommended for acne-prone facial skin or skin prone to clogged pores.

Chemically, it is a plant-based liquid wax, with a chemical structure similar to human sebum.

Cosmetic benefits: Regulates sebum production, moisturizes without weighing down (non-comedogenic), softens the skin, and balances the scalp.

Supplement benefits: Cosmetic use only (not efficiently digested).

Special warnings: Excellently tolerated by all skin types, including acne-prone, oily, or sensitive skin.

Olive oil infused with ozone (O3), generating stable peroxide compounds.

Cosmetic benefits: Strong antiseptic, antibacterial, and regenerative properties. Stimulates the healing of lesions and the repair of affected tissues.

Supplement benefits: Predominantly dermatological or cosmetic use.

Special warnings: Specific ozone odor. Intended especially for products with a repairing or dermatological purpose, not for daily hydration.

Oil pressed from the seeds of the Opuntia cactus fruit (Indian fig or nopal), one of the richest plant oils in vitamin E and essential fatty acids.

Cosmetic benefits: A luxury emollient, it intensely nourishes dry and damaged hair, adding shine without weighing the strand down.

Supplement benefits: The fruit (not the seed oil) is sometimes used as a source of antioxidants in supplements.

Special warnings: Very well tolerated, with a low comedogenic risk; also suitable for combination skin.

Plant oil balanced in Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-9 fatty acids and tocopherols (vitamin E).

Cosmetic benefits: Excellent emollient, nourishes dry skin, restores the lipid barrier, and prevents dehydration.

Supplement benefits: Source of healthy fats in the diet.

Special warnings: Very safe and gentle plant ingredient.

Modified castor oil derivative used in cosmetic formulas as an emulsifier and solubilizer.

Cosmetic benefits: Helps dissolve essential oils or fragrances in water-based solutions, stabilizes emulsions, and softens the skin.

Supplement benefits: Auxiliary functional ingredient (excipient).

Special warnings: Used as a formulation ingredient.

Very light plant oil, rich in linoleic acid (Omega-6), polyphenols, and vitamin E.

Cosmetic benefits: Absorbs quickly without leaving a greasy film, has an antioxidant effect, is mildly astringent, and balances combination or oily skin.

Supplement benefits: Cardiovascular and antioxidant protection.

Special warnings: Very low comedogenicity (index 1); an excellent option for sensitive, combination, or oily skin.

Oil pressed from sesame seeds, rich in sesamin, sesamol, fatty acids, and vitamin E.

Cosmetic benefits: Penetrates deeply into the skin, nourishes, and provides antioxidant effects and light natural protection.

Supplement benefits: Supports cardiovascular and digestive health.

Special warnings: Known allergen. People with a sesame allergy should avoid it both in food and in cosmetic products.

Cold-pressed essential oil from orange peel, rich in d-limonene, a natural compound extracted from citrus peel.

Cosmetic benefits: Refreshing, skin-toning, astringent, and provides a pleasant natural fragrance.

Supplement benefits: Natural food flavoring.

Special warnings: Photosensitizing. Direct sun exposure immediately after applying products containing citrus oils to the skin is not recommended. May be irritating when undiluted.

Emollients derived from refined petroleum (cosmetic grade, purified of impurities) or synthetic esters with a structure similar to natural oils.

Cosmetic benefits: Forms an occlusive film that prevents water loss; highly effective for very dry or cracked skin.

Supplement benefits: Not used in food supplements.

Special warnings: Cosmetic-grade petrolatum (pharmaceutically refined) is considered safe by regulatory bodies; some synthetic esters (isopropyl myristate) may be comedogenic for acne-prone skin.

Natural vegetable fat extracted from cocoa beans, rich in saturated fatty acids and polyphenols.

Cosmetic benefits: Rich emollient, forms a protective shield against dehydration, helps prevent stretch marks, and softens very dry skin.

Supplement benefits: Source of fats and flavonoids.

Special warnings: Medium-high comedogenic rating (3-4). May clog pores if applied to oily or acne-prone skin.

Vegetable butter extracted from the nuts of the shea tree, rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins A, E, and F, and phytosterols.

Cosmetic benefits: Intensively nourishes, soothes cracked, dry, or irritated skin, restores the skin barrier, and protects against cold.

Supplement benefits: Rarely consumed directly as a supplement.

Special warnings: One of the safest plant-based emollients; has a very low comedogenic risk.

An organic compound synthesized for cosmetics, identical to the urea naturally present in the skin’s natural moisturizing factor (NMF).

Cosmetic benefits: Low concentrations (2-10%): powerful humectant, moisturizes, soothes itching. High concentrations (>15%): keratolytic effect (exfoliates calluses or thickened areas).

Supplement benefits: Cosmetic use only.

Special warnings: In concentrations above 10% or when applied to damaged or irritated skin, it may cause a temporary stinging sensation.

The main aromatic compound in vanilla pods, obtained naturally or synthetically, with a characteristic sweet, warm scent.

Cosmetic benefits: Fragrance ingredient; provides a sweet, gourmand olfactory note in the composition of the finished product.

Supplement benefits: Natural flavoring, frequently used in supplements in powder form or chewable capsules.

Special warnings: Considered a secondary fragrance allergen; may cause contact reactions in people with very sensitive skin.

An essential fat-soluble vitamin and the family of derivatives called retinoids.

Cosmetic benefits: The gold standard in anti-aging. Stimulates cell renewal and collagen synthesis, reduces wrinkles, fades dark spots, and helps fight acne.

Supplement benefits: Supports vision, immunity, and mucous membrane health.

Special warnings: Photosensitizing (apply in the evening, use SPF during the day). May cause irritation or peeling (retinization). Contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding (teratogenic risk).

Water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen synthesis and cellular protection.

Cosmetic benefits: Neutralizes free radicals, stimulates collagen production, brightens the complexion, and reduces hyperpigmentation.

Supplement benefits: Supports the immune system, reduces fatigue, and enhances iron absorption.

Special warnings: Pure L-ascorbic acid is unstable in light or air and requires an acidic pH (may irritate sensitive skin). Derivatives are much more stable and gentle.

A major fat-soluble antioxidant, naturally present in the skin’s sebum.

Cosmetic benefits: Protects skin lipids against oxidation, moisturizes, soothes, and prevents oils in formulations from going rancid.

Supplement benefits: Protects cells from oxidative stress and supports cardiovascular health.

Special precautions: Pure tocopherol in very high concentrations may be mildly comedogenic or may cause contact allergies in hypersensitive individuals.

An essential trace mineral for cellular and immune function, as well as healing.

Cosmetic benefits: Regulates sebum, soothes acne, helps healing, fights dandruff (pyrithione), and provides mineral UV sun protection (zinc oxide).

Supplement benefits: Supports immunity, protein synthesis, lesion healing, and hair or nail health.

Special warnings: In supplements, long-term high doses of zinc (>25 mg/day) may cause a secondary copper deficiency.